Lighthouse History
A lighthouse carbon arc lamp built by Larry Brian Radka
Lighthouse images below lead to the lighthouse history of these old lighthouses:
Lighthouse of Alexandria Speaking of the lighthouse of Alexandria, "the poet Lucan, in his 'Pharsalia,' asserts that it [the Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria] indicated to Julius Caesar his approach to Egypt on the seventh night after he sailed from Troy; and he makes use of the significant expression 'lampada,' which could hardly be applied, even poetically, to an open fire," wrote W. H. Davenport Adams in his 1871 edition of Lighthouses and Lightships. "Pliny expresses a fear lest its light, which, seen at a distance, had the appearance of flames, should, from its steadiness, be mistaken for a star; but assuredly he would not have spoken in such terms of the wavering, irregular, and fitful light of an ordinary fire. We conclude, therefore, that its lighting apparatus was more complete than has generally been supposed." . . .
The First British Electric Lighthouses
No detailed history of any early modern use of electric carbon arc lamps in lighthouses seems to be readily available. If diligently researched, the stories can be found in bits and pieces of electrical material in old newspapers, magazines, letters, official papers, reports, and a few books. However, the average lighthouse enthusiast has no convenient means to acquire this rare information or put it together for a good understanding. Therefore, we will try to do so, in a series of short articles on the various electric carbon arc lighthouses that once helped the nineteenth-century mariner to sail safely on his way. . . .
Fire Island Lighthouse Electric Carbon Arc Lamp
Low-light-loss Fresnel lenses for lighthouses, much larger than the first one built by Augustin Jean Fresnel (1788-1827) and illustrated above, began focusing the brilliant electric carbon arc lamps blazing away in lighthouses along the British and French seacoasts in the 1860’s. [i] By the 1880’s, their popularity had extended to Italy, Australia,and even the New World. Chambers’s Journal made the following announcement of an installation in South America in 1884 as follows: . . .
Lighthouse Helgoland's Carbon Arc Lights
“A new form of electric flashlight has been installed in the lighthouse tower at Heligoland[i] by the Siemens-Schukertwerke, of Nuremberg, Germany,” stated the August 22, 1903 issue of Scientific American. “There are three lower searchlights arranged 120 degrees apart, and another mounted upon the top, all operated automatically and driven by electric motors,” added the article titled “Modern Searchlights.” “The carbons, which are fed by automatic mechanism are placed in a horizontal position, as is usual with most large searchlights. The intensity of the light is 30 million candle power as a minimum, and the maximum current used is 100 amperes. The light flashes occur every 5 seconds, and they remain in one position only .1 second.” . . .
The Lighthouse at Alexandria in Ancient Egypt
The lighthouse of Alexandria was one of the Seven wonders of the Ancient World. Atop the Pharos stood a great mirror, a reflective telescope, and electric searchlight, all in one. You might ask: Did the ancient Egyptians really have electric lights? The answer is in the affirmative and the abundant evidence of its existence follows: . . . .
The Navesink Lighthouse Beacon
The history of the Navesink Lighthouse carbon arc light is not perfectly clear. At some time in 1896, a huge electric carbon arc light apparatus and gigantic fresnel lens left New York's Fire Island Lighthouse and eventually arrived on December 21st at the U. S. Lighthouse Depot at Tompkinsville on Staten Island for testing. Apparently, the arrangement remained there for over a year, before being installed in the south tower of the Navesink Light on New Jersey's highlands in June of 1898. At least, this is what the 1898 Report to Congress from the Lighthouse Board seems to indicate. " Although not authenticated, there is some opinion that the generator plant and the 2nd order bi-valve lens initially slated for Fire Island went to Navesink," wrote Editor Wayne C. Wheeler, in the summer 2000 edition of The Keeper's Log. . . .
A Short Excerpt from The Electric Mirror on the Pharos Lighthouse and Other Ancient Lighting
This bizarre description of the good monk—whose light ecclesiastic duties probably denied him the ability to climb 1,800 feet to verify its height—should be accepted with caution. We can, however, safely assume, after about 400 years, and a description as fabulous as this one, that the Pharos did, indeed, recover from any damage that it might have suffered from the great earthquake and tsunami of the year 365. . . .
Al Bakri's Rare Description of the Ancient Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria
Such a height for the Lighthouse of Alexandria is highly unlikely, and "the first wonder" was the Pyramids, built long before the Pharos Lighthouse that was probably the Seventh Wonder of the Ancient World instead. Yet, the Lighthouse at Alexandria must have been an equal spectacle to see. However, Al Bakri, a medieval Arab traveler, who carefully observed it, when it was still standing tall during his visit to Alexandria, was probably more accurate than Epiphanius in the determination of its height. He reported: "The Pharos today is composed of four stages. The first, of a rectangular design, is remarkably built in rectangular cut stones, of which the joints are so well concealed that the whole seems to be formed of a single block of stone, remaining insensible to the ravages of time. Its height is 320 cubits. . . .
A Piece of U. S. Lighthouse Service History
The following article on the United States Lighthouse Service appeared in the August 21, 1915 issue of Scientific American. The details therein should interest both lighthouse enthusiasts and historians, and this rare piece of history runs as follows: . . .
Lighthouse Coins in Antiquity
Lighthouse coins display ancient electric lighting technology in The Electric Mirror on the Pharos Lighthouse and Other Ancient Lighting as well as on the lighthouse coin depicting the ancient lighthouse at Messina illustrated below: . . .
Some of the References for These Web Pages
BOOKS
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Adams, W. H. Davenport, Lighthouses and Lightships: A Descriptive and Historical Account of Their Mode of Construction and Organization, London 1871
Adler, Marcus N., The Itinerary of Benjamin Tudela, London 1907
Alberti, Leon Battista, The Ten Books of Architecture, The 1755 Leoni Edition, a reprint, N. Y. 1986
Barrett, Douglas, Sculptures from Amaravati in the British Museum, London 1954
Barton, George A., Archaeology and the Bible, Philadelphia 1916
Berlitz, Charles, Charles Berlitz’s World of the Odd and the Awesome, New York 1991
Blavatsky, H. P., Isis Unveiled: A Master-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology, 2 volumes. N. Y. 1877
Bombaugh, C. C., Gleanings from the Harvest-Fields of Literature, Science, and Art, Baltimore 1860; Gleanings for the Curious from the Harvest-Fields of Literature, (unabridged edition) Hartford, Connecticut 1875
Bouvier, Hannah M., Familiar Astronomy, Philadelphia 1857
Breasted, James Henry, A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, N. Y. 1905 & 1951
Breccia, Ev., Alexandrea ad Ægyptum, A Guide to the Ancient and Modern Town, and to its Graeco Roman Museum, Bergamo, 1922
Brennan, Herbie, The Secret History of Ancient Egypt, New York 2001
Brodrick, M. & A, A, Morton, A Concise Dictionary of Egyptian Archaeology, London 1902
Brugsch-Bey, Heinrich, Egypt Under the Pharaohs, History Derived Entirely From the Monuments, London 1902
Brumbaugh, Robert S., Ancient Greek Gadgets and Machines, New York 1966
Budge, E. A. Wallis, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary (a Dover reprint) in 2 Volumes, N.Y. 1978, Book of the Glory of Kings, London 1932, The Book of the Dead (a 1967 Dover reprint), London 1895, The Gods of the Egyptians, (a Dover reprint), 2 Volumes, New York 1969
Bunson, Margaret, The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, New York 1991
Burgess, Jas., The Buddhist Stupas of Amaravati and Jaggayyapeta in the Krishna District, Madras Presidency, surveyed in 1882, (a reprint), New Delhi 1996
Burritt, Elijah H., Geography of the Heavens and Class-book of Astronomy, New York 1872
Butler, Alfred J., The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion (a revised reprint of the1902 edition), Oxford 1978
Carter, Howard and Mace, A.C., The Tomb of Tutankhamen, (reprint of the 1923 ed.), N.Y. 1963
Cary, Ferdinand E., The Standard Book of Knowledge, Chicago 1904
Chand, Devi, The Atharvaveda, New Delhi 2002
Childress, David Hatcher, Technology of the Gods, The Incredible Sciences of the Ancients, Kempton, IL 2000
Clarke, Arthur C., Mysterious World, New York 1980
Clayton, Peter A. & Price, Martin J., Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, London 1988
Conklin, Irving, Guideposts of the Sea, New York 1939
Cooper, W. R., Primary Batteries, Their Theory, Construction and Use, London 1920
Couat, Auguste, Alexandrian Poetry Under the First Three Ptolemies (324—222 B.C.), translated from the French in 1930 by Dr. James Loeb, London 1931
Corliss, William R., Ancient Man: A Handbook of Puzzling Artifacts, Glen Arm, Md. 1978
Croft, Terrell, Practical Electric Illumination and Signal Wiring, New York 1917
Crosthwaite, H., Ka, A Handbook of Mythology, Sacred Practices, Electrical Phenomena, and their Linguistic Connections in the Ancient Mediterranean World, Princeton 1992
Davis, John D., A Dictionary of the Bible, Philadelphia 1903
De Camp, L. Sprague, The Ancient Engineers, New York 1960
Derr, Louis, Editor-in-Chief, Cyclopaedia of Engineering, Vol. 5 of 5 Volumes, Chicago 1906
Dick, Thomas, The Complete Works of Thomas Dick, 11 vols. in two, St. Louis, Mo. 1857
Doan, Francis H., Electrical Measurements, Lamps and Heating (328) Part of the International Library of Technology, Scranton, Pennsylvania 1925
Donaldson, T. L., Architectura Numismatica, Ancient Architecture on Greek and Roman Coins, London 1859
Easton, M. G., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, (a reprint), London 1894
Ellis, William S., Glass, New York 1998
Empereur, Jean-Yves, Le Phare d’Alexandrie (The Lighthouse of Alexandria), La Merveille retrouvée (The Recovered Wonder) Evreux 1998, Alexandria, Jewel of Egypt, translated by Jane Brenton, London 2002
Fergusson, James, Tree & Serpent Worship or Illustrations of Mythology and Art in India from the Topes at Sanchi and Amravati, London 1868
Fisher, Clyde, The Marvels and Mysteries of Science, New York 1941
Forster, E. M., Alexandria, A History and a Guide, Alexandria 1922
Foss, Michael, The Search for Cleopatra, New York 1997
Fraser, P. M., Ptolemaic Alexandria, 3 volumes, New York 1972
Frith, H., The Triumphs of Engineering, Philadelphia, circa 1900
Georgiadès, Patrice, Les Secrets du Phare d’Alexandrie (The Secrets of the Lighthouse of Alexandria), Alexandria 1978
Goldberg, Benjamim, The Mirror and Man, Charlottesville 1985
Gregory, Richard, Mirrors in Mind, New York 1997
Guthrie, Kenneth S., The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library, Grand Rapids, MI 1987
Haas, Christopher, Alexandria in Late Antiquity, Baltimore 1997
Hague, D. & Christie, R., Lighthouses, Their Architecture, History and Archaeology, Wales 1975
Hammerton, J. A., Universal World History, vols. 1,2, 3.4 & 5, 1939, Wonders of the Past, 2 volumes, N. Y. 1923
Hammond, John Winthrop, Men and Volts, The Story of General Electric, N.Y. 1941
Harriss, Joseph, The Tallest Tower, Boston 1975
Hazlitt, William, The Classical Gazetteer, A Dictionary of Ancient Sites, London 1851
Higgins, Godfrey, The Celtic Druids, London 1829
Hilprecht, HV., Explorations in Bible Lands During the 19th Century, Philadelphia 1903
Holm, Adolph, History of Greece, Volume IV, Frederick Clarke, trans., London 1902
Hopkinson, John, Original Papers on Dynamo Machinery and Allied Subjects, New York 1893
Howell, John W. & Schroeder, Henry, History of the Incandescent Lamp, Schenectady, N. Y. 1927
Humphrey, J. W., Olson, J. P., Sherwood, A. N., Greek and Roman Technology, A Sourcebook, N.Y. 1998
James, Peter & Thorpe, Nick, Ancient Inventions, New York 1994
Jones, Bernard E., Electric Primary Batteries, A Practical Guide to Their Construction and Use, London 1911
Knudson, Albert C., The Religious Teachings of the Old Testament, New York 1918
König, Wilhelm, Neun Jahre Irak (Nine Years in Iraq) Brün, München, Wien, 1940
Kunz, George Frederick, The Curious Lore of Precious Stones, Philadelphia 1913
Larson, Linda, San Jose’s Monument to Progress: The Electric Light Tower, San Jose, California 1989
Lemprière, John, A Classical Dictionary, Fourth Edition, London 1842
Lockyer, J. Norman, The Dawn of Astronomy, a reprint of the 1894 edition
Luckiesh, M., Artificial Light, Its Influence Upon Civilization, New York 1920
Ludwig, Emil, The Nile, translated by Mary H. Lindsay, N. Y. 1937, The Mediterranean, Saga of a Sea, translated from the German by Barrows Mussey, London 1942,
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Mariette, Alphonse, The Monuments of Upper Egypt, his translation of the French of his brother Auguste’s Itinéraire de la Haute Égypte (Itinerary of Upper Egypt) into English, Boston 1890
Marshall, Percival, Small Accumulators, How Made and Used, London 1907
Mattingly, H., Roman Coins from the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire, London 1928
Maurice, Thomas, Indian Antiquities or Dissertations of Hindostan, 7 volumes, London 1812
McGovern, John, The Fireside University, Chicago 1909
Michalowski, Kzazimierz, Art of Ancient Egypt, New York (no date)
Milne, J. G., Catalogue of Alexandrian Coins, (reprint) N. Y. 1982
Myatt, Frederick, The March to Magdala, The Abyssinian War 1868, London 1970
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Nweeya, Samuel K. Persia, The Land of the Magi or The Home of the Wise Man, Philadelphia 1910
Perry, Walter Scott, Egypt, The Land of the Temple Builders, New York 1898
Petrie, W. M. F., Dendereh 1898, Seventeenth Memoir of The Egyptian Exploration Fund, London 1900, The Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt, London 1909
Poulter, J. D., An Early History of Electricity Supply, London 1986
Putnam, George R., Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States, N.Y. 1917; Sentinel of the Coasts, The Log of a Lighthouse Engineer, New York 1937
Rawlinson, George, The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy or the Geography, History, and Antiquities of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire, Volumes 1 & 2, New York 1870, The Sixth Great Oriental Monarch, or the Geography, History, and Antiquities of Parthia, New York 1872
Ray, Acharya P. C., History of Chemistry in Ancient and Medieval India, Incorporating the History of Hindu Chemistry, a 2004 reprint of his early twentieth-century works
Renard, Léon, Les Phares (The Lighthouses), a reprint, Saint-Malo, France 1990
Remsburg, John E., The Bible, I. Authenticity, II. Credibility, III. Morality, New York 1901
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Salvadori, Mario, The Strength of Architecture, Why Buildings Stand Up, New York 1990
Sayce. A. H., The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments, London 1894
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Temple, Robert, The Crystal Sun, Rediscovering a Lost Technology of the Ancient World, London 2000
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ARTICLES, PERIODICALS, PAMPHLETS, AND EXTRACTED REPRINTS
A Shocking Discovery, by W. F. M. Gray, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, September 1963. Vol. 110 No. 9
A Survey of the Chemistry of Assyria in the Seventh Century B.C., by Thompson, R. Campbell, a reprinted extract from Ambix, Vol. II, No. 1, June 1938
An Electric Battery 2,000 Years Ago, by Willy Ley, Astounding magazine, March 1939
Beacons of the Sea, Lighting the Coasts of the United States, by Putnam, George, in Vol. XXIV, No. 1 of The National Geographic Magazine, Washington, January 1913
Commercial Uses for Searchlights, General Electric Company, November 1919
Edinburgh Meeting Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, August 1887
Electricity Generation or Magic? The analysis of an Unusual Group of Finds from Mesopotamia by Emmerich Paszthory, The University of Pennsylvania’s MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, Volume 6, 1989
Evidence of the Use of Primitive Batteries in Antiquity, Proceedings of the Symposium on Selected Topics in the History of Electrochemistry, George Dubpernell, Princeton, New Jersey, 1978
First Biennial Supplement to Johnson’s New Universal Cyclopaedia, a Scientific and Popular Treasure of Useful Knowledge by Alvin J. Johnson, New York 1879
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, November 1854, August 1870, October 1870, and February 1875
Harper’s Weekly, January 14, 1882, February 25, 1888, May 18, 1895, New York
Helios on the Pharos, Goodchild, R. G., Antiquaries Journal reprint, Vol. XLI, 3 & 4, July-Oct. 1961
Historically Famous Lighthouses, U.S. Coast Guard, CG-232, Washington, D.C. 1972
La Réparation d’une Statuette Antique par l’électrolyse (The Reparation of an Ancient Statue by Electrolysis), by Dr. A. Gradenwitz, La Science et la Vie, Paris, April 1927
Les Phares Antiques (The Ancient Lighthouses), Bedon, Robert, Archeologia—No. 231, Janvier 1988
Les séismes à Alexandrie et la destruction du phare (The Earthquakes at Alexandria and the Destruction of the Lighthouse), Taher, Moustafa A., in Études alexandrines 3–1998 Alexandrie médiévale 1, Edited by Christian Décobert and Jean-Yves Empereur, published by the Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale
Lighthouse Illuminants (South Foreland Experiments), London 1890
Light-house Illumination, Reports on the U.S. Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867, Vol. III, Chap. XIII—Pages 415—432, Washington 1869
Military Electric Lighting, His Majesty’s Stationery Office, Volume II, 1915
Notes sur l’architecture musulmane d’Alexandrie (Notes on the Mussulman Architecture of Alexandria), Abouseif, Doris-Behrens, Études alexandrines 3, 1998
Operation, Adjustment, and Care of the General Electric 24-Inch High-Powered Searchlight Form “AA”, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 1919
Scientific American, July 21, 1888, January 29, 1898 and June 12, 1915 New York
Sur quelques représentations nouvelles du phare d’Alexandrie, (On Some New Representations of the Alexandrian Lighthouse), Picard, Charles, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Paris. LXXVI-1952-1
The Ancient Egyptians used Electricity by Ivan T. Sanderson, Fate Magazine, September 1975
The Electric Light, by Professor John Tyndall The Popular Science Monthly, March 1879
The Elements of Khujut Rabu’a and Ctesiphon, by Willy Ley, Galaxy, December 1954
The Enigmatic ‘Battery of Baghdad’ by Gerhard Eggert, The Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 20, No. 3, May/June 1996
The Pharos of Alexandria, Summary of an Essay in Spanish by Don Miguel de Asin, Communicated by the Duke of Alba, From the Proceedings of the British Academy, London 1933
The Purpose of the Parthian Galvanic Cells: A First-Century A.D. Electric Battery used for Analgesia by Paul T. Keyser, The University of Chicago’s Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Volume 52, Number 2, April 1993
The Washington National Monument, by Charles E. Greene, Science, Vol. V, No. 107, February 20, 1885 N. Y.
ARAB WRITERS
Al-Bakri, Une Description Arabe Inédite du Phare d’Alexandrie (An Unpublished Arab Description of the Lighthouse of Alexdandria), É. Lévi Provençal, translator, Extract from Mémoires de l’Institut Francais, Cairo 1935
El-Edrisis (Idrisi), Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne, (Description of Africa and Spain) translated from the Arabic by Rheinhart P.A. Dozy and Michael J. de Goeje, Amsterdam 1969
Ibn Battuta,, Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354, H. A. R. Gibb, translator, a reprint, Delhi (1929) 1998
Ibn Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr—R. J. C. Broadhurst—translator, London 1952
Maqrizi, A History of the Ayyūbid Sultans of Egypt, Translated from the Arabic of al-Maqrīzī with Introduction and Notes by R. J. C. Broadhurst—translator, Boston 1980
ANCIENT AUTHORS
Achilles Tatius, The Adventures of Leucippe and Clitophon, S. Gaselee, translator, Loeb, London 1917
Aeschylus, The Agamemnon of Aeschylus, translated by Gilbert Murray, New York 1920
Ammianus Marcellinus, translated by John C. Rolfe, Volume II, Loeb Classical Library, London 1936
Arculfus, The Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land (About the Year A. D. 670), James R. MacPherson—translator, Vol. III, The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society (We also used Vol. VI). London 1895 (1894)
Augustine, Saint, Concerning the City of God Against the Pagans, Henry Bettenson, translator, a reprint 1972
Caesar, Julius, Cæsar’s Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil War with the Supplementary Books attributed to Hirtius; including the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish Wars, W. A. McDevitte & W. S. Bohn—translator, N. Y. 1895
Diodorus Siculus, translated by Russel M. Geer, Volume IX, Loeb Classical Library, London 1947
Hero [Heron] of Alexandria, The works of Hero of Alexandria, translated by Bennet Woodcroft, London 1851
Josephus, The Works of Josephus, translated by William Whiston, First published in 1736
Julian, The Works of the Emperor Julian, Vol. 1, W. C. Wright, translator, Loeb Classical Library, London 1913
Lucan, The Civil War, translated by J. D. Duff, Loeb Classical Library, London 1928
Lucian, Lucian, Harmon, A. M.—translator, Volume IV, N.Y. 1925; Volume VI, K. Kilburn—translator, Loeb, London 1959
Marcellinus, Ammianus, Vol. II, J. C. Rolfe, translator, Loeb Class. Library, London 1986
Philo, The works of Philo, a common reprint of C. D. Yonge’s translation
Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, F. C. Conybeare, translator, 2 vols. Loeb Class. Libr., London 1917
Pliny, Natural History, Vols. I & IX, H. Rackham—translator, Loeb, London 1952 and Vol. X, D. E. Eichholz—translator, Loeb Classical Library, London 1962
Plutarch, Moralia, Vols. V and XII, F. C. Babbitt. H. Cherniss and W. C. Helmbold—translators, Loeb, London 1957
Procopius, Buildings, Vol. VII, H. B. Dewing—translator, Loeb Classical Library, London 1940
Strabo, The Geography of Strabo, Vol. III, H. C. Hamilton, & W. Falconer—trans, Bohn’s Classical Library, London 1906
Vitruvius, The Books on Architecture, Morris Hicky Morgan—translator, a Dover reprint, New York (1914) 1960
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